November 2007 Archives

Sustainability - a Contrary View

I have always been in favour of efficiency and the avoidance of waste. As an engineer much of my career has been devoted to the development of better systems for using energy. I am currently a member of the Sustainability Group at the Dublin Institute of Technology. I am not a member of the Green Party or Greenpeace or any such organisation, although I respect their positions and am glad that they exist. By the way, the views expressed here are entirely my own; in fact they are not so much views as reflections, because I am not secure or at ease with them, and they are not static.

However, I feel somewhat like a renegade. My views about sustainability, renewable energy and energy efficiency are not as politically correct or as well synchronised with what is currently seen as proper thinking as they ought to be. I can't seem to help it. I am very academic by nature and all sorts of crazy thoughts run about within my head and impose themselves on me. Of course I have developed certain skills in applying some constraints and enforcing certain ground rules on those thoughts. I certainly don't want to offend anybody, especially people I believe to be well intentioned.

Some of my ideas are surely over-academic and dissociated from everyday reality. I admit that. Many of these are not so much ideas as questions that frustrate me no end, whereas for most people I suspect they are not even on the radar. What is sustainability? Does it exist? Did it ever exist? Should sustainability exist? Do we want it? Do we need it?

There is a fair degree of scientific consensus that the known, vast universe started with a bang perhaps fourteen-and-a-half billion years ago (14,500,000,000). Our solar system was formed perhaps four-and-a-half billion years ago and nothing, so far, has been sustained in the sense of remaining unchanged or fixed. To over-simplify the situation, the universe was unbelievably hot and unbelievably compact very shortly after the Big Bang, but has been expanding and cooling down ever since. We are passengers on a not uncommon type of planet orbiting a not uncommon type of star in a not uncommon type of galaxy in the vast universe. The very atoms like iron, silicon and oxygen that make up our world are the products of cataclysmic galactic events that may have gone through multiple cycles. Everything is relative in the Cosmos and our relatively young planet has gone through continuous change and many cycles. There have been collisions of huge meteorites with our Earth. There have been ice ages and very hot periods. In the very distant past there were natural nuclear reactors on or near the surface of the Earth. Neither the first nuclear reactors nor, perhaps, the first nuclear bomb that detonated on the Earth were man-made. The magnetic polarity of the Earth has inverted in the past and may go through inversions in the future.

Our Earth is delicately balanced in many ways. One of these is the fact that it has its own daughter stabilizer, the Moon. Going back more than ten thousand years it is very hard to find evidence of an organized human society on the Earth. It is really only in the last few hundred years that humankind has been able to exert a significant influence on the Earth, in the sense of influencing such things as the weather or the appearance of the planet when viewed from afar.

Creating Ablbeebl Fonts for LaTeX

The procedure followed for creating the Ablbeebl font for use in LaTeX (Ubunto distribution of Linux, TeX Live) is given below.
  1. Create .pfb and .afm files for each character set of Ablbeebl using FontForge. Place these in a working folder fab_fonts on the Desktop.
  2. Create a file fab-drv.tex to install the fonts when run through TeX. The fonts are re-encoded from Adobe Standard (Font name code 8a) to Tex Base 1 encoding (8r). The character encodings are transformed for the creation of virtual slanted fonts. The fonts are generated by fontinst, including small capital versions for the normal and bold roman character set. The transformations that are made by running fab-drv.tex are recorded to a file, psb-rec.tex, for later use. All of these actions are implemented in the Bash terminal by the command: tex fab-drv.tex . The content of the fab-drv.tex file is given in full below.

  3. \input fontinst.sty
    \needsfontinstversion{1.926}
    \substitutesilent{bx}{b}
    \substitutesilent{m}{l}
    \substitutesilent{bx}{db}
    \setint{smallcapsscale}{800}
    \setint{slant}{167}
    \recordtransforms{fab-rec.tex}

    \transformfont{fabr8r}{\reencodefont{8r}{\fromafm{fabr8a}}}
    \transformfont{fabrm8r}{\reencodefont{8r}{\fromafm{fabrm8a}}}
    \transformfont{fabbr8r}{\reencodefont{8r}{\fromafm{fabbr8a}}}
    \transformfont{fabs8r}{\reencodefont{8r}{\fromafm{fabs8a}}}
    \transformfont{fabbs8r}{\reencodefont{8r}{\fromafm{fabbs8a}}}

    \transformfont{fabro8r}{\slantfont{\int{slant}}\reencodefont{8r}{\fromafm{fabr8a}}}
    \transformfont{fabbro8r}{\slantfont{\int{slant}}\reencodefont{8r}{\fromafm{fabbr8a}}}
    \transformfont{fabso8r}{\slantfont{\int{slant}}\reencodefont{8r}{\fromafm{fabs8a}}}
    \transformfont{fabbso8r}{\slantfont{\int{slant}}\reencodefont{8r}{\fromafm{fabbs8a}}}

    \installfonts
    \installfamily{T1}{fabr}{}

    \installfont{fabr8t}{fabr8r,newlatin}{t1}{T1}{fabr}{m}{n}{}
    \installfont{fabrc8t}{fabr8r,newlatin}{t1c}{T1}{fabr}{m}{sc}{}
    \installfont{fabro8t}{fabro8r,newlatin}{t1}{T1}{fabr}{m}{sl}{}

    \installfont{fabbr8t}{fabbr8r,newlatin}{t1}{T1}{fabr}{b}{n}{}
    \installfont{fabbc8t}{fabbr8r,newlatin}{t1c}{T1}{fabr}{b}{sc}{}
    \installfont{fabbro8t}{fabbro8r,newlatin}{t1}{T1}{fabr}{b}{sl}{}

    \endinstallfonts

    \installfonts
    \installfamily{T1}{fabmm}{}

    \installfont{fabrm8t}{fabrm8r,newlatin}{t1}{T1}{fabmm}{m}{n}{}

    \endinstallfonts

    \installfonts
    \installfamily{T1}{fabss}{}

    \installfont{fabs8t}{fabs8r,newlatin}{t1}{T1}{fabss}{m}{n}{}
    \installfont{fabso8t}{fabso8r,newlatin}{t1}{T1}{fabss}{m}{sl}{}
    \installfont{fabbs8t}{fabbs8r,newlatin}{t1}{T1}{fabss}{b}{n}{}
    \installfont{fabbso8t}{fabbso8r,newlatin}{t1}{T1}{fabss}{b}{sl}{}

    \endinstallfonts

    \endrecordtransforms
    \bye

  4. Run the property list files (pl) created by fontinst through pltotf to generate Tex font metric files (tfm), according to the Lehman document. Likewise run the virtual property list files (vpl) files through vptovf to create virtual fonts (vf). This is easily done using the Bash shell using the commands provided:

  5. for file in *.pl; do pltotf $file; done
    for file in *.vpl; do vptovf $file; done

  6. Prepare a local directory tree for TeX Live. This local tree is intended to contain all files that is not part of standard TeX Live distribution but should be available system-wide. This tree starts within /usr/local/share . Within Bash it is necessary to switch to root user in order to be able to create these directories or copy files into them. the first directory to be created is texmf.

  7. /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/config/
    /usr/local/share/texmf/tex/latex/public/ablbeebl/
    /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/fonts/afm/public/ablbeebl/
    /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/fonts/tfm/public/ablbeebl/
    /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/fonts/type1/public/ablbeebl/
    /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/fonts/vf/public/ablbeebl/

    The various files are copied into their directories using the following Bash shell commands:

    cp *.afm /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/afm/public/ablbeebl/
    cp *.tfm /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/tfm/public/ablbeebl/
    cp *.pfb /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/type1/public/ablbeebl/
    cp *.vf /usr/local/share/texmf/fonts/vf/public/ablbeebl/
    cp *.fd /usr/local/share/texmf/tex/latex/public/ablbeebl/

  8. Create a file fab-map.tex according to the Lehman document that will prepare a fab.map file by using the recorded data stored in fab-rec.tex. Run fab-map.tex through TeX to produce the map file for dvips.

  9. \input finstmsc.sty
    \resetstr{PSfontsuffix}{.pfb}
    \adddriver{dvips}{fab.map}
    \input fab-rec.tex
    \donedrivers
    \bye

  10. Copy fab.map to the branch /usr/local/share/texmf/dvips/config/ in the local TeX tree.
  11. Copy the original file xdvi.cfg from /etc/texmf/xdvi/ to the local branch texmf/dvips/config/ and make the additions detailed in the Lehman document. This is the configuration file for the Type 1 rendering module of xdvi.
  12. Update file locations by running the command texhash in the Bash shell. Remember to switch to the root user by using su root before texhash.

Ablbeebl Project on Linux

I have been putting a lot of work and time into setting up the Latex side of the Ablbeebl project on Linux. All along, of course, I have been using FontForge to develop the actual characters of the font.

I have set up TeX Live under Ubuntu Linux. The basic installation of TeX and LaTeX is working well. I am using Texmaker as the GUI application for LaTeX.

I have developed five main character sets for the Ablbeebl font:
  • fabr8a - roman, normal
  • fabbr8a - roman, bold
  • fabr8a - roman, math italic
  • fabrs8a - gothic, (sans serif), normal
  • fabbs8a - gothic, bold.
All of these are based on Donald Knuth's Computer Modern font. The five sets of characters above are a sufficient set for me to publish my ideas in relation to Ablbeebl as a font based loosely on symmetry. Slanted forms and bold slanted forms can be produced readily from these, in principle. If necessary, I can produce these variations very quickly using FontForge.
As of 11th November, 2007, I am still working on the gothic bold characters. This is a tedious process and it takes a lot of time.

Incorporating the Type 1 Ablbeebl font into TeX / LaTeX is quite a challenge. I have put a great deal of time and effort into this and progress has been painfully slow. One of the main references I am using is the Font Installation Guide by Philipp Lehman, December 2004, revision 2.14, which is available on the internet. In principle I do not want to know too much about the intricacies of setting up fonts for LaTeX under TeX Live. However, I have been forced to dig deeper and deeper in pursuing my desired outcome, which is principally to produce a publishable paper in the TeX format of the American Mathematical Society.

Bash and TeX Live in Linux

I found a good introduction to using the console (or terminal) in Ubuntu Linux at the following link:
http://linux.org.mt/article/terminal .

I have installed TeX Live using the Synaptic Package Manager. Information about TeX Live is available at:
http://www.tug.org/texlive/

Classic 1908 Book on Groups of Finite Order by Harold Hilton

This book is available on-line from the Cornell University Library Digital Collections:

Author/Creator: Hilton, Harold, b.1876-

Title: An introduction to the theory of groups of finite order
[computer file], by Harold Hilton ...

Published: Oxford, Clarendon press, 1908.
Description: Computer File
xii, 236 p. 25 cm.

Electronic Access: http://resolver.library.cornell.edu/math/1882991

Subject(s): Group theory.

Notes: Part of the Cornell Digital Library Math Collection.
"Hints for the solution of the examples": p. [189]-232.
Appendix. Problems awaiting solution: p. 233.
Computer file. Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Library,
1991. 252 image files.

Location: *Networked Resource

Call Number: ONLINE QA171 .H65

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